Department of Health and Human Services IT Security Program Research Paper

Department of Health and Human Services IT Security Program - Research Paper Example This policy outlines the framework by which the department ensures that its IT resources are protected when accessed remotely. The resources mentioned include all levels of sensitivity all existing automated information and systems. The policy includes mandatory rules for all organizational units, employees and other stakeholders. The roles and responsibilities are also outlined for the managers, security and IT officers. Building on the fact that pro-active security measures are implemented and maintained effectively, this policy outlines the rules by which malware or malicious computer applications and data are prevented from entering the system, detected and rooted out immediately. This policy is particularly directed at the employees who are tasked to gather, process and transmit HHS information and infrastructure resources such as the Chief Information Officer (CIO), the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Information Resources management and Senior Information Systems Security Officer. Through this policy, the Department of Health and Human Services, effectively, created the PII Breach Response Team. Consequently, the policy outlined the responsibilities, tasks, and mandate of the team such as the identification, management, and response to suspected or confirmed security breaches. This policy also created the HHS Information Security and Privacy Program, which was developed to support the Breach Re sponse Team. This is one of the several major policies that came from the office of the Chief Information Officer. It outlines the implementation for machine-readable policy for the agency’s websites. A core component of this policy is the satisfaction of best practices standards in terms of satisfying web privacy security, legal and regulatory requirements as well as the collection and protection of data.  

Medical Advancements during the Industrial Revolution

Medical Advancements during the Industrial Revolution Medical Advancements in the industrial revolution Compared with the other great time periods, the industrial revolution in particular was known to have had one of the largest impacts on the world. Some of the largest being advancements in technology leading to breakthroughs in the field of medicine. It was during the 18th century that scientists were able to discover cures for many previously incurable diseases through the use and application of these â€Å"new† technologies. The government of the time was also forced to improve living conditions in order to create better sanitation, which in turn also helped to lower the risk of disease and raise life expectancy. Disease accounted for many deaths in industrial cities during the Industrial Revolution. With a chronic lack of hygiene, little knowledge of sanitary care and no knowledge as to what caused diseases (let alone cure them), diseases such as cholera, typhoid and typhus could be lethal. As the cities became more populated, the problem worsened. Prior to advancements in medicine there had been little-to-no sanitation, and accordingly people living during this time had a very short life expectancy. Also, there was little understanding around how and why disease was constantly spreading. One of the major contributing factors was the housing conditions which the majority of the population dwelled: they were overcrowded, meaning that one small room could (and often did) house up to ten people. Houses did not have access to clean water, the water was contaminated with sewage, bacteria and other pathogens. With the majority of doctors knowledge being based upon traditional remedies that had lit tle evidence, and there being limited diagnostic tools or understanding, this also did not help the health of the population. Before and during the industrial revolution there was a common belief that disease was caused by â€Å"bad smells† and â€Å"invisible poisonous gas clouds.† With increasing numbers of people within cities, diseases and ill-health was on the rise, which promoted scientists to begin searching for scientific reasons behind diseases and thus deducting how to cure them. Throughout the industrial revolution there have been accounts of poor living conditions coupled with bad building management systems, mass siltation and poor hygiene. FRIEDRICH ENGELS was known to have said In one of these courts there stands directly at the entrance, at the end of the covered passage, a privy without a door, so dirty that the inhabitants can pass into and out of the court only by passing through foul pools of stagnant urine and excrement. (Cotton times, 2012).This quote from his memoir shows the extent of pollution and the mismanagement of waste disposal. This also shows just how filth stricken and unhygienic the streets where. This abundance of pollution and waste was defined aided the spread of disease. Until the occurrence such medical advancements surgery and other medical practices remained a task frequently done by barbers merely because they possessed the correct tools. The lack of any such pain killers, along with the continuing social disapproval due to such mortalities, created a continuous cycle where few people underwent surgery thus leading to limited knowledge and research done in the field. Therefore surgery and medicine in general progressed very little throughout the middle ages and all of that changed in the industrial revolution due to revolutionary medical advancements. It all began with the discovery of the properties of chloroform and ether in the 1850’s by numerous scientist, thus making surgery effectively painless, though there was still a significant amount of pain after the effects of the anaesthetic wore off. On screen is a chart that shows the evolution of surgery and medicine in general. Even knowing this the number of people willing to undertake surgical procedures multiplied in the following years. This caused the increase of the death of patients post operation presumably due to bacterial infection. In the decades prior such a small quantity of people were willing to undergo surgery and the patients that did most likely died on the operating table therefore bacterial infection was relatively rare and thus their causes such as operating conditions, unclean surgical instruments as well general poor hygiene where remained unexplored. After countless deaths and a plethora of research came the answer: germs In the 1850s Louis Pasture make a significant breakthrough with his revolutionary germ theory of disease. He discovered the microorganisms were causing decay because they were constantly spreading. He concluded that these microorganisms where the cause of many diseases. He carried out his experiments by collecting air in flasks and determining which ones contained more bacteria. The flasks that had more bacteria were noted as containing air from places that had been very overpopulated and dirty. He extended his theory to explain the causes of many deadly diseases such as anthrax, cholera as well as TB. Now scientist could cure sicknesses based on the discoveries made by Pasture. Without Louis Pasteur the field of microbiology would not have existed. His contributions where crucial to the development of the Industrial Revolution and his discoveries are still relevant to this day. They have acted as building blocks for further discoveries and started a general trend in medicine. His co ntributions include, instituting changes in medical practices, to minimize the spread of disease, discovering that weak forms of disease could be used as an immunisation and finally he introduced the concept of viruses to the medical world. Because of his glowing accolades many regarded him as the â€Å"father of microbiology†. Personally I believe that he deserves such title because without his work many of modern medical discoveries would not have occurred but I do accredit him solely because I believe that the advancements made in the industrial revolution where a group effort and that many scientist contributed to its occurrence. Although his research was neglected by the medical community for several years due to his unorthodox methods of practise, Edward Jenner revolutionised the study of medicine forever by creating a cure for Smallpox which has changed the practise of the prevention of many diseases with vaccines today saving countless lives. He built upon the work done by Louis pasture and created a vaccine for smallpox by inoculating his patients with cow pox. It was successful and became mandatory in Britain in 1852. With economic growth living standards were able to improve. Britain was able to turn the field of public health into a socio-medical vital to community health. Soon enough the new chapter of the revolution included focussing on the public health movement and supporting the poor who were unable to pay for medical treatment. So the Public Health Act was passed, making sanitary improvements in the slums and stationed medical officers in every district in England. Infant mortality rates where decreasing and life expectancy was finally flourishing. After several medical findings such as relief from typhoid and surgery started to become widely practised. In order to have surgery patients need to go under anaesthesia. To create anaesthetics mixed numerous chemicals and experimented to find out what effects they would have on humans. Humphrey Davies realised by experimentation that laughing gas was one factor that could reduce pain. Since this wasn’t the most effective method therefore ether was used due to its ability to put patients to sleep. In 1847 James Simpson was the first to discover chloroform’s ability to render patients unconscious. With this medical breakthrough surgery was able to become a quicker and a more efficient process. A problem with early surgery was that surgeons did not poses antiseptics this caused infections in patients and many deaths. Joseph Lister discovered that spraying patient’s wounds with carbolic acid spray would kill microbes thus preventing the occurrence of infection and allowing the patient to heal correctly without infection. His spray was eventually used in public places as a sanitary precaution but some individuals at the time reported to having reactions to this acid. In 1895 Wilhelm Rà ¶ntgen discovered the use of x-rays in medical imaging, this brought great advancement to the medical world and surgery itself. Without such a discovery the world’s medical history would not have been the same. All of these inventions and progressions in medical technology have paved the way for a successful medical world as we know it. The machines, drugs, surgeries have all originated from the time of the industrial revolution. Of course they have progressed and evolved over the years and will continue to evolve as time goes on. If there was never a revolution such as this one the world would have never seen change. Our lives and lives to come will forever be different due to the medical advancements in the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was a turning point in history because its medical advancements improved health in the medical word, life expectancy and the spread of disease. There are many points that be argued as the most important part of the industrial revolution and turning points in history. Although many historians like to say that the advancements in medicine where not as crucial to the occurrence of mass industrialisation as agriculture, per se. While I acknowledge their points and am in no way saying that the changes in agriculture was not important but I believe that the medical advancements and the change in legislation due to these advances where crucial to the continuation and sustainability of the industrial revolution. Because, a healthy workforce is a productive workforce. Without a healthy workforce industrialisation could not have occurred and workplace based injuries would not have been able to be treated and in the case of the agricultural revolution While some people today like to focus on the work of just one person as â€Å"the† breakthrough which influenced the remainder of the Industrial Revolution, and as such shaped the medical field as we know it today, however, I disagree. I do not think it is possible to name just one man as the founder of modern medicine. Each of the scientists that I have named had unique contributions to the field, each independent of the other. Without any one of these, there would still be disease and ill-health throughout the world. To name just one man would be an injustice, thus I acknowledge each of these breakthrough scientists for their contributions and efforts to enable myself to live the safe and healthy life that I do today. I believe the most productive work that aided humanity has been done in collaboration throughout history. I believe that these advancements where a sheer coincidence and the correct number of scientist gathered at the right time under the correct circumstances lured by economic opportunities. The medical advancements in the industrial revolution caused the worldwide improvement in life expectancy and public health. That world wild phenomenon had a domino effect throughout the following years and lead us to where we are today. Without the industrial revolutions medical advancements we would not be in the position we are in today with public health and life expectancy.

NASDAQ vs. NYSE Essay -- essays research papers fc

The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations – once an electronic quotation for OTC stocks and expressed by its acronym, NASDAQ, the stock exchange known today as NASDAQ or the NASDAQ Stock Market operates as both a stock quotes service and a stock exchange permitting dealers to trade its listed securities. NASDAQ Stock Market is owned and operated by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) (TodaysMoneyNews.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Established in 1792, the New York Stock Exchange in the largest securities exchange in the United States. Securities are traded by brokers and dealers for customers on the trading floor at 11 Wall Street in New York City. The exchange is headed by a board of directors that includes a chairman and 20 representatives who represent both the public and the members of the exchange. This board approves applicants as new NYSE dealers, set policies for exchange, oversees the exchange, regulates member activities, and lists securities (TodaysMoneyNews.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taking these two definitions of each into consideration the similarities of both the NASDAQ and the NYSE are that they are both used for the listing of securities. Dealers are both able to sell and buy securities. Stock quotes are listed on both the NASDAQ and the NYSE. Both are available to the public mainly through dealers. The public can invest in both or either of the companies. There aren’t many similarities between the two companies. The differences between the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ are more noticeable than the similarities. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) provides the facilities for stock trading and rules under which trading takes place. Stock trading on the NYSE occurs auction-style. In each transaction, stock is sold to the highest bidder and bought for the lowest offer. The types of companies traded on the NYSE are the oldest, largest, and best-known companies. Thousands of stocks are traded electronically – using computers and telephones – on the NASDAQ. A sophisticated electronic network run by the National Association of Securities Dealers lets brokers trade from their offices all over the country. Continuously updated prices are carried on their computer screens, while they buy and sell over the telephone. NASDAQ lists 5,500 companies – from small, emerging firms to corporat... ...azine subscriptions. With this information you can also see the following is a chart of the last two years of the stock for the same company:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the past two years it shows that the stock itself has grown above and beyond. With Martha Stewart being given the opportunity to host her own show after spending time in prison would show that it did not affect her company in a negative way. Unfortunately, with this comes the saying â€Å"Even bad publicity is publicity†. The conviction had Martha Stewart on the mouths of most Americans. With even spending the time she had in prison the people are still investing in her company and products. She is still given the recognition that she had before her conviction. Works Cited 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Madhavan, A., Sofianos, G., 1998. An Empirical Analysis of NYSE Specialist Trading. Journal of Financial Economics, 48, 189-210. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MarthaStewart.com. 2004 http://www.marthastewart.com/page.jhtml?type=page-cat&id=cat18395 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TodaysMoneyNews.com. 2004. Stock Market Quotes and News. http://www.todaysmoneynews.com/stock-market-quotes-news.html

Definition Essay on Happiness

No one knows what is in him till he tries, and many would never try if they were not forced to. â€Å"- Basil W. Maturing To achieve personal fulfillment and/or enlightenment can be a very daunting and some Individuals may never achieve It before they die. The feel of peace Inside of oneself will allow an Individual to love with no restraints but not be blinded towards Ill- doings. An individual may be secure enough with themselves, it allows them help there see their true worth and beauty; it is quite easy for them to see the beauty in the majority of aspects.This is the most complex of situations and usually is the base out of the three aspects and usually can control the professional and romantic relationships. â€Å"The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved† – Victor Hugo It is said that when a person is in love that the brain produces chemical processes that determine how one feels or the mood of a person. There are a few Doctors that live that being in love has tremendous effect on a person's health, for the better.With the body releasing hormones (such as dopamine and extinction) that actually send signals throughout the body of feelings of trust, pleasure, safety, and the list are not. If there were more people in this world that was happy within their romantic relationships, there would be less domestic violence; in many cases, escalates into murder of not only the significant other but to the children as well. When a couple is happy and confident in their relationship, it can be empowering.Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony. â€Å"- Mahatma Gandhi. It is greatly disconcerting that there are so many people that are hurting, for some reason or another, and the only way they feel as if they can express themselves, is to inflict pain onto others. Another great quote is â€Å"misery loves company'- John Ray I am sure that the majorities of people have experienced this in s ome way, shape, or form in a period of their lives.People have been wondering what the secret to life is; there will be a variety of answers given if asked. If I were asked my answer would sound so easy but very difficult to achieve, it is as simple as true happiness' and this can only come from within, not from another individual or object. Unfortunately people do not know this so they continue to search for it and in the process; they miss some really great moments in life. To die never living up to the expectations that one sets for them, would seem like an agonizing way to leave this world.

Safety Management Tools Used By The Food Industry Health Essay

Today ‘s people are much more cognizant about nutrient safety and quality than past. Due to nutrient borne unwellness eruption and merchandise callback besides suffered 1000000s of lbs economic losingss in nutrient industry. Major grounds for these failure are botching, alterations in the equipment, add-on of wrong ingredients, preparation procedure, formula or readying pattern, jobs in packaging, deficiency of attending to detail every bit good as malicious taint. A physical belongings that may do a nutrient to be insecure for human ingestion are known as physical jeopardy. Usually occurs in nutrient premises and may do serious unwellness. It could be happen by natural stuffs like bone, tegument, connective tissue or by extrinsic stuffs like foreign organic structures such as glass, plastic, pieces of metal, wood, paper every bit good as insect infestation. The presence of foreign organic structures like glass and rodent dungs in nutrient is a greater concern as it breakdown h ygiene. It may be brought into nutrient premises with the natural stuffs or acquire introduce during any processing phase. Foreign stuffs get into nutrient accidentally for case pieces of metal in mince meat or of course occurring objects for illustration castanetss in fish that are see menace to the consumer. In nutrient processing installations, most common beginnings found are bottles, jars, bulbs, light fixtures, utensils, gage screens, glass containers and glass nutrient containers. Usually it may do cuts, shed blooding that may necessitate sometimes surgery to happen or take this physical jeopardy. To avoid this hazard nutrient industry should minimise utilizing of ordinary glass. Dials and gages on equipment should be perfect. Besides, they should hold a glass policy particularly to manage with breakage spectacless. Possibly, nutrient readying should halt in instance of serious breakage event. Contaminated nutrient must be discarded. By ocular review, nutrient container may look into for any broken parts of glass. It should be guarantee that the country is cleaned and free from broken spectacless before get downing nutrient preperation. Food animal trainer requires proper preparation and direction as if they can response right. Furthermore, to observe glass from nutrient in nutrient industry, optical scanners, x-ray machines, screens, filters and air separation system can use. Furthermore, blaring with air or lavation, inverting, is necessary to minimise the hazard being present in a container merely prior to make fulling. Wood: Common beginnings of wood found in edifices, boxes, Fieldss, wooden palettes or wooden construction used to supermarket and retailer. Besides might be associate with natural stuff transit and merchandise processing industry. It may do cuts, infection, choking. Soft wood should be take from production premises. Wooden containers used for transporting natural stuffs should be phased out. Over unfastened nutrient palettes should non be dual stacked. Rock: Field harvests for illustration lentil, garden peas and beans contain small rocks that may picked up at reaping period. Rocks can besides acquire introduce with nutrients from floor. Plastics: Common beginnings of plastic include boxing stuff, utensils used for cleansing, palettes, baseball mitts worn by nutrient animal trainer. It may do choking, cuts, infection. Metallic element: Common beginnings are machinery, Fieldss, wire and employees. It may do infection, cuts. INSECT AND OTHER FILTH: Cultivation land, works post-process entry are the beginnings of insect infestation. it may do unwellness, injury, choking. Jewelry: Pens, pencils, buttons, careless nutrient animal trainer patterns can be include. It may do cuts, infection etc. Bones: Common beginnings are Fieldss, improper processing works. It may do choking and injury. INSULAION: Common beginnings are constructing stuff. It may do choking, long-run if asbestos. OTHERS: Common beginnings are basics, composition board, fabric, fiber, threading so on. Particular attention is necessary when nutrient deliver in assorted container like paper pokes, boxes and tease board.After taking threading from hessian pokes should instantly be placed in appropriate container to avoid taint. It may do choking and dental harm like dentitions broken. Natural Material: In nutrient processing variable nature of natural stuff quality may be a important job. Natural stuffs can be a of import beginning of immaterial affair and nutrient makers use a scope of screening, cleansing and rating operations to take out the jeopardy stuff. In industry of frozen peas for case, metal prison guards, coffin nail terminals, chaffs, rocks, sticks, caterpillars and soil frequently associate with the vined peas as they arrived at the processing industry. Control step should hold specification to detail maximal allowable degrees of taint in the incoming natural stuffs. By holding specifications with all providers and monitoring and measuring the provider public presentation in run intoing the specifications, the company has an positive tool in minimising the hazard by immaterial affair. Before utilizing natural stuffs, cleaning or rinsing and review may necessary. Most physical taint has to be removed by employee as the veggies pass along an lighted review belt. Food production should be filteed liquid and pulverizations sieved, filters screens and screens should be every bit all right as possible and must be cleaned and checked often. Worn equipment should replaced. Wooden-framed screens are normally non acceptedPackaging Material:Packaging is besides a beginning of immaterial affair in the signifier of warehouse and conveyance dirt/dust, wood from the palettes, paper and polythene strips from over wraps and a assortment of insects and even gnawers. containers ( tins, jars, bottles and fictile pots ) may be used straight foe make fulling with mineral cleansing and any rogue stuff in the container ( metal matchwoods, glass, soil, insects, etc. ) may stop up in the terminal merchandise.Effective WAY FOR CONTROLLING PHYSICAL HAZARDS:To develope, physical jeopardy designation plan in the nutrient industry, processors have to roll up elaborate information for every phase of each nutrient processing and their beginning. Significant physical jeopa rdies can be found by detecting each procedure phase during all phases of its processing at the industry factory.After placing jeopardies, an effectual plan can run to pull off and cut down these hazards of serious happening.Tools of the overall plan include carefully throughout Hazard analysis and critical control point ( HACCP ) , sanitation, care and Good fabrication pattern ( GMP ) programsI? effectual microbiological and chemical confirmation testing, systematic procedures validation both yearly and when alterations occurI? regular employee trainingI? and merchandise design and packaging schemes that should carefully take into history both the possible jeopardies that have been identified and the consequences of possible maltreatment of the merchandise. Auditing agenda must be designed to happen out failings in all of these countries. Identified Critical Control Points ( CCP ‘s ) are critical, and this information must be used to implement apropriate control of the proced ure. Furthermore, regular scrutinizing on this information should happen in order to guarantee betterment bit by bit. Besides, to overlook possible jeopardies, or neglect to execute confirmation measurings where needed can take to disaster really fast. Commercial research labs are besides a possible resource to supply way and input to understand, implement, and utilize these tools. This aid can come in the signifier of microbiological and chemical analysis, proof testing, merchandise testing, audits, consulti-ng services from HACCP ­trained expertness, and customized on ­site preparation pertinent to the sector of the nutrient industry that provides maximal benefit to employees and installation. Standard operating processs ( SOPs ) to minimise hazards of physical jeopardies. †¢ Wearing hair cyberspaces to minimise the chance for hair associate into nutrient. †¢ Avoid utilizing nail Polish or unreal nails. Polish can flake off and fall into nutrient, and unreal nails can come loose and autumn into nutrient. †¢ Avoid utilizing rings with rocks or earrings that could integrate into nutrient.Pay particular attending to the nutrient during readying to place physical contaminations.†¢ Take attention to take and fling all packaging from nutrient. †¢ Remove all castanetss when deboning poulet or other meats. †¢ Look for possible contaminations. For illustration, dry beans must be sorted prior to rinsing to take rocks that may be at that place from crop. †¢ Remove any toothpicks that might be used in nutrient readying.Maintain, clean and usage equipment decently.†¢ Clean and sanitise equipment and utensils after use each clip. †¢ Clean blades of can openers after usage to guarantee that metal shaves do non roll up. †¢ Use merely commercial ice scoops when acquiring ice from an ice machine or assigning ice. †¢ Puting shields on visible radiations. †¢ Shatterproof visible radiation bulbs can be usage.Decision:In decision it can be said to cut down hazard of major nutrient incidents, which cause human unwellness and major economic loss, it is of import to place and understand the possible jeopardies by the nutrient provider. It is their duty to place and minimise jeopardies in the nutrient that they produce or serve. Effective and possible schemes and control steps must be developed to minimise the jeopardies. A procedure should be placed that is well-designed, wellmanaged and capable to regular reappraisal theis at the lowest hazard for critical failures. Overall, an effectual quality control system is the most cost effectual manner to run for the primaryproducer, and consequences in the greatest possible satisfaction for the consumers benefit from the quality of the product.So, supplier quality confidence, good fabrication procedure and preparation installations in nutrient industry among nutrient animal trainer could be effectual safety direction tools. Furthermore, to place any important physical jeopardy or critical control point, nutrient industry should construct a HACCP squad and behavior by flow diagram for the each processing phase. Auditing besides can be

German V-2 Rocket in World War II

German V-2 Rocket in World War II In the early 1930s, the German military began to seek out new weapons that would not violate the terms of the  Treaty of Versailles. Assigned to aid in this cause, Captain Walter Dornberger, an artilleryman by trade, was ordered to investigate the feasibility of rockets. Contacting the  Verein fà ¼r Raumschiffahrt  (German Rocket Society), he soon came in contact with a young engineer named Wernher von Braun. Impressed with his work, Dornberger recruited von Braun to aid in developing liquid-fueled rockets for the military in August 1932. The eventual result would be the worlds first  guided ballistic missile, the V-2 rocket. Originally known as the A4, the V-2 featured a range of 200 miles and a maximum speed of 3,545 mph. Its 2,200 pounds of explosives and liquid propellant rocket engine allowed Hitlers army to employ it with deadly accuracy. Design and Development Commencing work with a team of 80 engineers at Kummersdorf, von Braun created the small A2 rocket in late 1934. While somewhat successful, the A2 relied on a primitive cooling system for its engine. Pressing on, von Brauns team moved to a  larger facility at Peenemunde on the Baltic coast, the same facility that developed the V-1 flying bomb, and launched the first A3 three years later. Intended to be a smaller prototype of the A4 war rocket, the A3s engine nonetheless lacked endurance, and problems quickly emerged with its control systems and aerodynamics. Accepting that the A3 was a failure, the A4 was postponed while the problems were dealt with using the smaller A5. The first major issue to be addressed was constructing an engine powerful enough to lift the A4. This became a seven-year development process that led to the invention of new fuel nozzles, a pre-chamber system for mixing oxidizer and propellant, a shorter combustion chamber, and a shorter exhaust nozzle. Next, designers were forced to create a guidance system for the rocket that would allow it to reach the proper velocity before shutting off the engines. The result of this research was the creation of an early inertial guidance system, which would allow the A4 to hit a city-sized target at a range of 200 miles. As the A4 would be traveling at supersonic speeds, the team was forced to conduct repeated tests of possible shapes. While supersonic wind tunnels were built at Peenemunde, they were not completed in time to test the A4 before being put into service, and many of the aerodynamic tests were conducted on a trial and error basis with conclusions based on informed guesswork. A final issue was developing a radio transmission system that could relay information about the rockets performance to controllers on the ground. Attacking the problem, the scientists at Peenemunde created one of the first telemetry systems to transmit data. Production and a New Name In the early days of  World War II, Hitler was not particularly enthusiastic about the rocket program, believing that the weapon was simply a more expensive artillery shell with a longer range. Eventually, Hitler did warm to the program, and on December 22, 1942, authorized the A4 to be produced as a weapon. Though production was approved, thousands of changes were made to the final design before the first missiles were completed in early 1944. Initially, production of the A4, now re-designated the V-2, was slated for Peenemunde, Friedrichshafen, and Wiener Neustadt, as well as several smaller sites. This was changed in late 1943 after Allied bombing raids against Peenemunde and other V-2 sites erroneously led the Germans to believe their production plans had been compromised. As a result, production shifted to underground facilities at Nordhausen (Mittelwerk) and Ebensee. The only plant to be fully operational by wars end, the Nordhausen factory utilized slave labor from the nearby Mittelbau-Dora concentration camps. It is believed that around 20,000 prisoners died while working at the Nordhausen plant, a number that far exceeded the number of casualties inflicted by the weapon in combat. During the war, over 5,700 V-2s were built at various facilities. Operational History Originally, plans called for the V-2 to be launched from massive blockhouses located at Éperlecques and La Coupole near the English Channel. This static approach was soon scrapped in favor of mobile launchers. Traveling in convoys of 30 trucks, the V-2 team would arrive at the staging area where the warhead was installed and then tow it to the launch site on a trailer known as a Meillerwagen. There, the missile was placed on the launch platform, where it was armed, fueled, and the gyros set. This set-up took approximately 90 minutes, and the launch team could clear an area in 30 minutes after launch. Thanks to this highly successful mobile system, up to 100 missiles a day could be launched by German V-2 forces. Also, due to their ability to stay on the move, V-2 convoys were rarely caught by Allied aircraft. The first V-2 attacks were launched against Paris and London on September 8, 1944. Over the next eight months, a total of 3,172 V-2 were launched at Allied cities, including London, Paris, Antwerp, Lille, Norwich, and Liege. Due to the missiles ballistic trajectory and extreme speed, which exceeded three times the speed of sound during descent, there was no existing and effective method for intercepting them. To combat the threat, several experiments using radio jamming (the British erroneously thought the rockets were radio-controlled) and anti-aircraft guns were conducted. These ultimately proved fruitless. V-2 attacks against English and French targets only decreased when Allied troops were able to push back Germans forces and place these cities out of range. The last V-2-related casualties in Britain occurred on March 27, 1945. Accurately placed V-2s could cause extensive damage and over 2,500 were killed and nearly 6,000 wounded by the missile. Despite these casualties, the rockets lack of a proximity fuse reduced losses as it frequently buried itself in the target area before detonating, which limited the effectiveness of the blast. Unrealized plans for the weapon included the development of a submarine-based variant as well as the construction of the rocket by the Japanese. Postwar Highly interested in the weapon, both American and Soviet forces scrambled to capture existing V-2 rockets and parts at the end of the war. In the conflicts final days, 126 scientists who had worked on the rocket, including von Braun and Dornberger, surrendered to American troops and assisted in further testing the missile before coming to the United States. While American V-2s were tested at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, Soviet V-2s were taken to Kapustin Yar, a  Russian rocket launch and development site two hours east of Volgograd. In 1947, an experiment called Operation Sandy was conducted by the US Navy, which saw the successful launch of a V-2 from the deck of the  USS Midway (CV-41). Working to develop more advanced rockets, von Brauns team at White Sands used variants of the V-2 up until 1952. The worlds first successful large, liquid-fueled rocket, the V-2 broke new ground and was the basis for the rockets later used in the American and Soviet space progra ms.

IM in the Workplace Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway

IM in the Workplace Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway Abstract The technology convergence witnessed in the 21st century has heralded a new technological communication frontier for organizations. This report specifically aims to delineate how instant messaging (IM) could be harnessed to drive the business and organizational strategies of MM’s into the future.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on IM in the Workplace: Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The success of MM’s has been attributed to many factors, including eye-catching and distinctive advertisements and promotions, effective employee and consumer participation and feedback, extensive marketing strategies, affordable pricing, and a broad assortment of customized product possibilities. Through a critical evaluation of existing literature, it has been demonstrated that the real-time functionality of IM, simplicity of use, unique affordances, collaboration capabil ity, and rich presence has endeared many organizations to adopt the technology. Other factors such as presence awareness, visual alerting, and capability to support multiple synchronous conversations have been highlighted as strong points for IM. Among the disadvantages, it has been noted that IM can not only turn into a productivity drain if misused, but it can open a can of worms in terms of security risks and legal issues if it is ineffectually used. IM represents one of the most rapidly proliferating communications tools that are swiftly being adopted by global organizations. A critical review of literature contained in this report demonstrates that corporate IM use is substantial and growing. Consequently, the most fundamental thing for MM’s to do is to swing into action and ensure that policies and frameworks are put in place with the aim to holistically harness the power and communication capabilities offered by IM. Introduction The technology convergence witnessed in the 21st century has heralded a new technological communication frontier for organizations as unprecedented discoveries and innovations continue to bombard the global business scene with a panorama of communication technologies aimed at establishing and sustaining the groundwork for organizations to meet their business goals and objectives.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business leaders are taking notice of the advantages offered by new and emerging technologies such as email, videoconferencing, mobile telephony, teleconferencing, and in recent times, instant messaging (Primeaux Flint, 2004; Cameron Webster, 2005), and many organizations have adopted either one or several of these communication platforms depending on their business needs and objective of use (Symon, 2000). While consecutive studies have been published to demonstrate the efficacy and productive capabilities of the emerging communication technologies, the knowledge of their weak links and perceived disadvantages is also in the public domain. This report specifically aims to delineate how instant messaging (IM) could be harnessed to drive the business and organizational strategies of MM’s into the future. A Synopsis of MM’s Company For the over 60 years that it has been in existence, MM’s has created a market share that is yet to be matched by the company’s close competitors. In 2004, the company was on record for realizing an impressive $201 million in candy sales in the United States alone, a feat that propelled it into the top spot in the market for boxed and bagged chocolates in the country (Wax, 2010). The success of MM’s has been attributed to many factors, including eye-catching and distinctive advertisements and promotions, effective employee and consumer participation and feedback, extensive marketing strategies, affordable pricin g, and a broad assortment of customized product possibilities(MM Website, 2010). According to Nash (2000), for contemporary businesses to remain competitive and be profitable, they must develop the right communication tools aimed at eliciting maximum employee and customer satisfaction. Although MM’s has a hierarchical organizational structure to allow for efficient leadership through the rank and file of the company, the management takes cognizance of the fact that its corporate culture must emphasize the brand essence, promise, and unique personality (Rehoboth, 2004). The concept that the company’s products, services, and experiences are a major constituent of its personification has been well enshrined in the company’s strategies geared towards fulfilling the needs and expectations of an expanding market base.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on IM in the Workplace: Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway specifically for you for o nly $16.05 $11/page Learn More MM’s take cognizance of the fact that employees are the organization’s most valued asset and, as such, it exercises an open-door communication strategy aimed at availing to employees the leverage to be flexible, creative and innovative as long as products meets or surpasses customer expectations (Wax, 2010). MM’s has been in the frontline in adopting computer-based technologies with the view to integrate them into the frameworks and platforms that guide the day-to-day running of the company, especially in terms of management-employee interactions, management-customer interactions (feedback), and sales improvement (Rehoboth, 2004). The organizational culture in MM’s is aligned to the basic principles of enhancing employee value preposition, provision of unmatched products and services, and improving efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity through continuous uptake of relevant technologies. According to Key ton (2005), â€Å"†¦organizational culture is the set of artifacts, values, and assumptions that emerge from the interactions of organizational members† (p. 1). At MM’s, the management is aptly aware that creating an enabling environment for free and effective management-employee communication is the cornerstone to a prosperous and resilient organizational culture. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of IM in the Workplace According to Cameron Webster (2005), â€Å"†¦Instant Messaging (IM) represents a communication technology that allows employees to send and receive short text-based messages in real time and to see who else is on line and currently available to receive messages† (p. 86). Intrinsically grounded on a previous technology known as the Internet Relay Chat, IM was initially intended to offer home internet users a platform through which they could socialize with friends and family members. However, as the efficient and cost-effective ca pabilities in supporting informal communications came into the public limelight in the 1990s (Huang Yen, 2003), conscientious and assiduous managers grabbed the opportunity and started to experiment with the technology, especially on how it could be applied to solve or lessen workplace communication challenges.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The discovery and adoption heralded a new form of communication medium that is today known as instant messaging. The uptake of IM by organizations has been unprecedented, with available statistics demonstrating that 26 percent of organizations operating in the U.S. were already using the technology as an official communication service by 2004, and an additional 44 percent of organizations had employees who used the technology on their own (Primeaux Flint, 2004). Market analysts’ projections for corporate IM stood at 229 million users worldwide in the first quarter of 2005 (Cameron Webster, 2005), and IBM (2008) â€Å"†¦estimates are that by 2011 business use of IM will have risen to about 400 million accounts – with applications designed for businesses used in 150 million of those instances† (p. 4). The statistics demonstrates the scope of IM adoption by organizations across a span of less than 10 years, with all indications showing the adoption is on an upward trend. The factors assessed below clearly demonstrate why such a trend in IM adoption is in the offing. IM and Employees Communication Patterns Collaboration is primarily perceived as the initiator of innovation (IBM, 2008), and innovation is key to achieving organizational efficiency, effectiveness and productivity. In today’s competitive business environment, sharing information and experiences can be decisive in driving organizational success and set outcomes, and the IM protocol guarantees an outstanding framework through which employee communication patterns can be molded to enhance information sharing and collaboration within the organization as well as across geographical locations (Quan-Haase et al., 2005). Traditional communication patterns may fail to strike a cord with today’s business requirements especially with the realization that many organizations have switched into virtual workplaces (IBM, 2008), and that employees are expected to have timely i nformation to make sound judgments relating to the daily operations of the organization. As such, IM proactively influences their communication capacities and patterns by not only extending a framework through which relevant knowledge can be tapped from the relationships established with other stakeholders, but also ensuring that the needed information is immediately available when it is needed due to IM’s aspect of immediacy (Symon, 2000). According to Cameroon Webster (2005), IM systems contain a presence or peripheral awareness capacity, implying that the management or employees will have a general sense of who is around what they are currently engaged on at specific times in the workplace. The authors further suggest this type of â€Å"†¦presence awareness represents a type of peer monitoring designed to enhance communication between colleagues† (p. 86). As such, IM greatly influences employee communication patterns by virtue of the fact that users can active ly see the status indicators of other subscribed users who are online, and who are presently available to perform certain functions as may be deemed fit by the organization. This function greatly reduces time wastage, and enables the organization to focus on the available manpower resources to perform tasks that may have great ramifications in terms of enhancing its competitive advantage. Time usage, according to IBM (2008), is critical to the attainment of productive capacities. Huang Yen (2003) observes that the solid and reliant communication patterns extended to employees by IM systems has enhanced workflow processes within organizations and across locations. It is also imperative to note that IM influences employees’ communication patterns by extending to them the capability to engage in multiple, concurrent, and synchronized conversations to influence consensus or decisions made in meetings or other corporate gatherings (Rennecker, 2005). For instance, an employee enga ged in a meeting convened by stakeholders may text his boss to request for advice or clarification while still actively engaged in the normal face-to-face conversation with the stakeholders. Lastly, it is true that the nature of communication in work-settings has dramatically changed and that â€Å"†¦managers and professionals often communicate in fluid, multiple social networks rather than being sorely embedded in a single work group† (Quan-Haase, 2005, para. 1). IM certainly influences the communication patterns in the social networks. Potential Impact of IM to the Organization Many researchers and business analysts have demonstrated a clear interest in evaluating the possible impact of IM as an emerging tool for business communication. The real-time functionality, simplicity of use, unique affordances, and rich presence has been noted by Greengard (2003), Cameroon Webster (2005), Primeaux Flint (2004), and Rennecker et al (2003) as some of the foremost factors why m any organizations are using IM systems for communication purposes. According to Rennecker et al (2003), IM provides the ability to not only detect when other employees are available for communication via the network (presence awareness), but the system makes use of visual prompts to notify recipients of an impending message (visual alerting). In the workplace, these capacities are fundamentally important to drive efficiency, productivity, and ensure that critical time is sparingly used to drive the organization’s agenda forward. The real-time function enables users to get immediate responses, thus are able to act and make decisions based on knowledge and collaboration. This, according to IBM (2008), is a plus in today’s knowledge-based economy. According to Rennecker et al (2005), â€Å"†¦IM is unique in its capability to support multiple, simultaneous, synchronous conversations† (p. 199). This capability, known as polychromic interactivity, is essentially needed in today’s business environment, especially in organizations dealing with offering a wide array of services to multiple clients. In such an arrangement, IM can be used by employees to communicate privately with other employees and request for clarifications or instructions while still engaged in another coordinated interaction, preferably with the customer. When employed in this manner, IM has the capacity to essentially alter the â€Å"†¦temporal ordering of meeting-related interactions, including fact-finding, consensus formation, and decision-making† (Rennecker, 2005, p. 199). This implies that IM does not only saves time, but also enables organizations to enhance their productive capacities by virtue of the fact that the interactions, consensus reached, and the decisions taken will have either positive or negative ramifications on the organization. IBM (2008) underscores the fact that some emerging communication technologies such IM boosts an organizati on’s collaborative capacities, hence its productive acumen. Collaboration, more than anything else, institutes the innovation needed to enable organizations achieve an edge over their competitors. Employees in a virtual workplace are now collaborating using IM, either as a complimentary platform to email communication or as its substitute. According to Quan-Haase et al (2005), IM is also popular among workers since â€Å"†¦it adds speed and ease to workplace communication, and eliminates the time typically lost to ‘telephone tag’ or wasted trips of a coworker who is absent or otherwise occupied† (p. 2). This has obvious time and productivity implications for the organization, not mentioning the fact that it acts as a bridging tool between departments, therefore saving more time and ensuring efficient coordination. Below, some of the disadvantages of IM are evaluated. Disadvantages of IM There has been some weak links and disadvantages associated with emerging technologies, and IM is no exception. Greengard (2003) acknowledges that â€Å"†¦while the goal of staying in touch with employees, customers, and business partners is noble enough, today’s technology can create more than a few diversions and even devastations along the way† (p. 84). According to the author, IM can not only turn into a productivity drain if misused, but it can open a can of worms in terms of security risks and legal issues if it is ineffectually used. The above sentiments are also shared by Chudoba et al (2005) and Primeaux Flint (2004), who argue that most employees take advantage of the communication technology to chat with each other on issues unrelated to business, and to friends and family members outside the organization. Available statistics reveal that â€Å"†¦30 to 40 percent of internet use in the workplace isn’t related to business, and employee misuse of the internet is a $63 billion problem for cooperate America † (Greengard, 2003, p. 85). While IM is only a small component of the enormous internet universe, there is no guarantee that such systems will not be abused by employees in the absence of a strict regulatory framework. Harmful computer viruses can be transmitted via IM protocols, with some having the capacity to sabotage critical business processes. Indeed, hackers and data thieves can easily penetrate the security settings of some free IM services such as Yahoo! Messenger and AOL Instant Messenger due to the fact that the texts sent through IM are not encrypted. Legal challenges can also be potentially dangerous. By virtue of the fact that IM communications are not electronically recorded at the organizational level, â€Å"†¦companies can find themselves in a netherworld where it’s one party’s word against another’s† (Greengard, 2003, p. 84). There are concerns that IM, due to its easy usability, may be a source of interruption of workplace ta sks (Garrett Danziger, 2008). A recent ethnographic study extensively quoted by these authors â€Å"†¦revealed that workers spent an average of just 11 minutes on a task before being interrupted or moving on to a new task, and more than half the interruptions (57%) were unrelated to the task at hand† (p. 1). While it is known that the most common types of workplace interruptions revolves around receiving calls and conversations, some computer-mediated communication platforms such as IM and email can actually exacerbate the problem. In many workplace scenarios, IM supplements other existing forms of communication, resulting in an increase in the overall volume of communications taking place during work hours, thus the disruption of workflow processes (Garrett Danzinger, 2008). In addition, most IM communications are neither initiated nor scheduled by the recipient, and therefore often results in disruption of current activity or workflow processes on the part of the rec ipient. What’s more, companies using the IM protocol to dismiss employees may find themselves being accused of wrong termination in the absence of necessary precautions (Greengard, 2003). Communications Best Suited for IM Due to security concerns, highly sensitive communications should be reserved for other communication channels rather than IM unless the organization has the capacity to encrypt the texts or use a secure IM platform (Greengard, 2003). However, other forms of communications such as customer feedback, employee sensitization and awareness, company notices, strategies and advice, sales and order requests, advertisements, employee collaboration, and human resource decisions can be communicated via IM (Huang Yen, 2003). This is in line with the numerous activities supported by IM such as multi-tasking, informal communications for effective collaboration in the workplace, coordination and scheduling of work-related tasks, organizing short-notice meetings, and socia l networking with friends and family (Nardi et al., 2000). Recommendations MM’s takes cognizance of the fact that enhanced communication between management and employees on the one hand and between management and customers on the other is of fundamental importance in assisting the company to drive its success story into the 21st century (MM Website, 2010). As such, it is recommended that the organization takes a bold step towards formalization of IM as a preferred communication platform especially in communicating general organizational policies to employees and receiving feedback from customers. Available literature has revealed that the communication technology’s real-time functionality, simplicity of use, unique affordances, and rich presence (Greengard, 2003; Cameroon Webster, 2005; Primeaux Flint, 2004; Rennecker et al., 2003) are key ingredients that are destined to drive MM’s success story forward. MM’s greatly depend on its innovative employees to come up with new and enticing candies. To further drive the urge for employees to remain innovative, it is highly recommended for the company to fully adopt IM technology in the workplace so as to enhance interdepartmental collaboration and the development of new ideas. Such a platform will indeed extend frameworks through which the management collaborates with customers to evaluate feedback, and hence develop mechanisms for improvement. According to IBM (2008), IM enhances informal and formal collaboration in the workplace. Lastly, MM’s should come up with ways of utilizing the interactive and immediacy capabilities of IM (Cameroon Webster, 2005) by channeling its advertisements through the platform in efforts aimed at complimenting other mainstream media used by the company for advertisement purposes. At MM’s, it is not difficult to manage IM for optimal deployment since the company exercises an open door communication style that encourages open and independent decision making and responsibility at the individual level. The organizational culture reverberates well with the wishes and aspirations of employees (MM Website, 2010), and as such, it is almost a guarantee that employees will utilize the new technology for the betterment of the organization as well as for their own collaboration. Chudoba et al (2005) argues that many organizations employ several communication technologies to ensure their communication needs are sufficiently met. This internet-based communication technology fits well within MM’s existing frameworks of communication, which are also technology-based. The company mostly utilizes email and telephone communications in the workplace, and satellite communications across geographical locations (Rehoboth, 2004). IM will not only serve in complimentary roles with email in inter-departmental communications, but can also substitute the use of telephones to communicate company policies and strategies to employees. IM can be used to replace satellite communications in areas with network connectivity, further bringing down operational costs and enhancing both efficiency and productive capacities (IBM, 2008). The successful implementation of IM technology in MM’s can only be hindered by security and productivity concerns. As such, the CEO is allowed to introduce austerity measures aimed at curtailing the improper use of the technology by employees. It is also the duty of the chief executive to develop a solid ICT team which will constantly look into ways through which the IM technology can be optimally used by the company and its employees without causing security vulnerabilities as demonstrated by Greegard (2003). As such, end-user security regulations must be introduced to successfully harness the power of IM. The company should also introduce regulations aimed at informing the employees about the complimentary or substitute roles of IM visvis other existing platforms so that it is used for t he purposes it is intended. This will go a long way in ensuring its success, while curtailing the potential drawbacks already discussed comprehensively in this report. To submit the concluding remarks, it is a well known fact that the pursuit for instantaneous connections and enhanced communication has occasioned the adoption of a wide array of technologies purposely designed to speed up organizational activities (Cameroon Webster, 2005). IM represents one of the most rapidly proliferating communications tools that are swiftly being adopted by global organizations. A critical review of literature contained in this report demonstrates that corporate IM use is substantial and growing. Consequently, the most fundamental thing for MM’s is to swing into action towards ensuring that policies and frameworks are put in place with the aim to holistically harness the power and communication capabilities offered by IM. Reference List Cameroon, A.F., Webster, J. (2005). Unintended cons equences of emerging communication technologies: Instant messaging in the workplace. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(2), 81-103. Chudoba, K.M., Wynne, L.V. M., Watson-Manheim, M.B. (2005). How virtual are we? Measuring virtuality and understanding its impact in the global organization. Information Systems Journal, 15(4), 279-306. Retrieved from Business Source Database. Garrett, R.K., Danziger, J.N. (2008). IM = Interruption management? Instant messaging and disruption in the workplace. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 13, 23-42. Greengard, S. (2003). IM speeds workplace communication, but it can also spell trouble: Workforce Management, 82(7), 84-86. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database. Huang, A.H., Yen, D.C. (2003). Usefulness of instant messaging among users: Social vs. work perspective. Human Systems Management, 22(2), 63-65. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. IBM. (2008). The new collaboration: enabling innovation, changing the workplace. Web. Keyton, J. (2005). Communication and organizational culture: A key to understanding work experiences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. MM Website. (2010). History. Web. Nardi, B.A., Whittaker, S., Bradner, E. (2000). Interaction and outeraction: Instant messaging in action. Proceedings of Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Philadelphia PA, 70-88. Nash, E.L. (2000). Direct Marketing: Strategy, Planning Execution, 4th ED. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Quan-Haase, A., Cothrel, J., Wellman, B. (2005). Instant messaging for collaboration: A case study of a high-tech firm. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(4). Web. Primeaux, R.O., Flint, D. (2004). Instant messaging: Does it belong in the workplace. Intellectual Property Technology Law Journal, 16(11), 5-7. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. Rehoboth, W.G. (2004). Dandy Candy. Convenience Store News, 40(13), 28-31. Rennecker, J., Dennis, A.R., Hansen, S. (2005). Invisible whi spering: Instant messaging in meetings. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 5(24). Web. Symon, G. (2000). Information and communication technologies and the new network organization: A critical analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(4), 389-414. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database. Wax, B (2010). Target Marketing Thrives on the Web. Property Causality Risk Benefit Management, 114(14), 32-36.

What to Expect on College Move-In Day

What to Expect on College Move-In Day The excitement on a college campus during move-in day is palpable. New students are moving in, parents are trying to figure out how to help, and there are usually just enough student orientation leaders and staff members to create the perfect mixture of confusion and assistance. How can you keep yourself on track? Know the Schedule and Stick to It If youre moving into a campus residence hall room, you most likely have been assigned a very specific time for unloading your items. Make sure to stick with this schedule. Not only will things be easier for you during your time to unload, but they will also be easier for you for the rest of the day. Move-in day is usually crammed full of events, meetings, and to-dos, so sticking to your assigned move-in time is of high importance.  Every minute of your move-in day is scheduled for a reason: there is a lot to cover and all of it is important. Go to every event youre assigned to, be there on time, and take notes. Chances are your brain will be overloaded by the time the day is over and those notes will come in handy later. Expect to Be Separated from Your Parents At some point during move-in day, you actually will have to be separated from your parents. Often, however, this will happen before they officially leave campus. Your parents may have a special schedule to go to that has separate events from yours. Expect this to happen and, if need be, brace your parents for it. Try Not to Be Alone Its no secret that the plan for the day is to keep you from being alone. Why? Well, just imagine what move-in day would be like without all of those scheduled events. Students would be kind of  lost, unsure of where to go, and would probably end up just hanging out in their new rooms- not the best way to meet a lot of people and get to know the school. So, even if you think the event after dinner sounds totally lame, go. You may not want to go, but do you want to miss out on what everyone else is doing? Keep in mind that the first few days of orientation are often when a lot of students meet each other, so its critical to get out of your comfort zone and join the crowd- you dont want to miss out on this vital opportunity to start making new friends. Get to Know Your Roommate There may be a lot going on, but spending a little time getting to know your roommate- and setting up some ground rules- is also super important. You dont have to be besties with your roommate, but you should at least get to know each other a little bit on move-in day and during the rest of the orientation. Get  Some Sleep! Chances are, move-in day- and the rest of orientation- will be one of the busiest times of your college life, but that doesnt mean you shouldnt take care of yourself a little, too. True, you will probably be up super late talking with people, reading all the material you were given, and just enjoying yourself, but remember that its also important to get at least a little sleep so you can stay positive, healthy, and energetic over  the next few days. Know That Its OK to Feel Sad Youre in college now! Your parents have left, the day is over, and youre finally all settled down in your new bed. Some students feel overwhelmingly happy, some feel overwhelmingly sad and scared, and some students feel all of these things at the same time! Be patient with yourself and know that you are making a humongous life adjustment and that all of your emotions are totally normal. You worked hard to get where you are and, while it may be scary, it can still be fantastic at the same time. Congratulate yourself on a job well done, let yourself be sad when you need to, and get ready to start your new college life- after a good nights sleep, of course.

Roles of Heinrich Schliemann in Trojan War and Modern Archaeology Essay

Roles of Heinrich Schliemann in Trojan War and Modern Archaeology - Essay Example However, due to his determination and enthusiasm, he made many significant discoveries. Heinrich never attended university, but was a self-made person whose believe in historical reality of the myths about the Trojan War transformed the nature of his believes. Having harnessed huge amounts of wealth from gold rush in California as well dining with the president, this great man travelled the world a lot. His conversance with thirteen good languages acted as an added advantage in his work. With this zeal and passion for archeology, Heinrich presented a fictional place called the Trojan empire, which remained fictional until he discovered it. His work provided a base of archeology since he wrote and left documentaries. Upon reading Iliad and Odyssey both written by Homer, Heinrich with the help of these readings, found the ruins of Troy. This paper will seek to establish and discuss his roles in the Trojan War in conjunction with the modern archeology (Nickel 56). Backgrounds that broug ht Schliemann to antiquity The steps of Ulysses Studies document that, Heinrich’s retirement date ranges between 1858 and 1863. This period is significant according to this paper since he handed tools down in order to concentrate in his wish for finding Troy. In the midst of 1860s, Heinrich enrolled at the Sorbonne and focused on faculty of Antiquity and Oriental Language in Paris in order to further his knowledge. His archaeological part of life commences in Small Island in the Ionian Sea called Ithaca where this was of capital importance in Homeric myth. Many writers put down this place believing that it was Ulysses’ dwelling location prior and after Heinrich’s Trojan adventures (Wood 75). In spite of the idea that the existing landscape holds no record of how Homer described this place, Heinrich’s claims show that he found some significant sites from the Odyssey in this location. His retirement acted as part of the backgrounds that brought Heinrich to antiquity. Hisarlik Since he seemed a different man who could not settle for calmness and enjoyment and live an eventless life, Heinrich disserted retirement and the short-lived Ithaca satisfaction and intensified his search for more archeological discoveries. At this point, he joined forces with Frank Calvert who had prior excavations from the Hissarlik site. Having seen Charles McLaren’s identity of 1822, Heinrich became sure that this was the Troy’s former location. Backing his claim are tourists Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great who already expressed belief that this place was the Trojan’s War site (Wood 101). This is because, besides being located alongside both of the Dardanelles and Aegean Sea, this place depicted close resemblance to the description given by Homer. His cognitive deposition with finding Troy was also part of the type of background that led to his antiquity. The Priam’s treasure After they fell out, Heinrich’s counterpart Calvert argued that, the former’s claim regarding discovering Troy could be just mere hopes and imagination as opposed to either scientific or historical facts. However, filled with suspense Heinrich disregarded such arguments and continued to dig and take every single discovery or finding as proof that he actually did excavate Paris city. For example, when he discovered some precious artifacts including a stack of gold in May 1873, he alleged that it was the treasure

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Mechanical Engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mechanical Engineering - Research Paper Example Bureau of Labor Statistics 1; America Society of Mechanical Engineers 1). He is also required to understand things such as the ability of the product to persevere the thermal environment and the forces they will be subjected to. Mechanical engineering plays a critical role in industries such as automotive (car chassis, transmission, sensors and engines), aerospace (control systems for spacecraft and airplanes, aircraft engines, and airplanes), biotechnology, (prosthetic devices, and implants), and other industries such as computers and electronics (semiconductor tools, cooling systems, disk drives and printers). In other words, mechanical engineering takes care of everything that moves (Columbia University 1). Mechanical engineering is a field that includes a broad collection of research areas. Mechanical engineering entails the design, analysis, control, and manufacture of fluid, thermal, and solid mechanical systems. It also involves system integration, innovation use of technology, and creation and development of new markets and products, and it offers the solution to problems facing products (National Research Council 2). This entails optoelectrical-mechanical materials, machines, structures, and Nano- and micro scale devices. The most important aspects of the field include combustion, heat transfer (and other processes of energy conversion), fluid mechanics, tribology, biomechanics, solid mechanics (fracture mechanics also included), and education and management linked with the above areas (National Research Council 3). Mechanical engineering is central to the success of medicine. It plays an important role in medical instrumentation, medical devices, prostheses, and tissue engineering. It also plays a critical role in accomplishing energy independence. The national response to alternative energy sources involves the science of mechanical engineering, and

Romney will argue Obama has failed to meet promises Essay

Romney will argue Obama has failed to meet promises - Essay Example The use of ethos was also inappropriate especially when Romney cited his religion (Mormons) to be the source of his â€Å"disciplined character†. In effect, the use of ethos alienated the rest of American voters who are non-Mormons. Political speeches are not board meeting speeches, where informations are stated as a matter of fact. Political speeches are the candidate’s tool to connect to his or her audience, which in this case are the American voters, to move and inspire them to vote for him or her to office. Romney’s speech may be well intentioned to address the present economic woes of United States which could be the most important issue of the day, but it does not capture the voters imagination. It focused so much on logos such as â€Å"to confront the nation’s economic problems† (Shear 1) and little on the effective use of pathos emotional appeal. He may know the problem that is besetting America but his voters does not get it. There were att empt to connect with the audience particularly the women quoting ‘Why should women have any less say than men about the great decisions facing our nation? . . . and that I can still hear her (his mother) saying in her beautiful voice† (Shear 1) but it just sounded so insincere and patronizing. American voters are sophisticated enough to realize the intention of his statement. It sounded so contrived that it made him looked manipulative that removed the integrity or ethos of the speech. Romney knows the power of ethos in reaching to his audience evident with his attempt to use ethos but he is not as crafty as Obama who speaks in the language of â€Å"rising ocean and healing the planet† when he intend to address an issue such as climate change. The article also largely focused on Romney’s candidacy for the Presidency than Obama’s. It discussed at length Romney’s issue against Obama’s failure as a President citing for example â€Å"the d isappointment of the last four years† (Shear 1). But despite of the length of his attribution towards Obama’s leadership, he failed to convince voters as the poll would show that Romney remains â€Å"Less well liked among voters than  Mr. Obama† (Shear 1). The article only cited one instance of Obama’s political snipe at Romney’s character which â€Å"portrayed him as a wealthy, out-of-touch business executive who cares more for profit than people† (Shear 1) and it eroded all the character build up or ethos of Romney. The tirade was craftily composed, despite lacking in logos because it turned Romney’s asset of being a successful entrepreneur who could get things done into a liability. The statement packaged Romney as somebody who is spoiled and out of touch that Americans voters cannot relate. The statement was based more on pathos or an appeal to emotion by painting Romney as an elitist brat in the imagination of American voters. T his political branding of course is untrue and lacked basis or lacking in logos because Romney will not be successful as he is now if he is a spoiled brat who lacks a grasp on reality. But the tirade stuck in the voters’ consciousness and hurt Romney’s image as a leader and alienated him from the consciousness of many Americans. What is more brilliant with the political branding was that Romney does not seem to realize that every time he speaks or people around him speaks business like, the more the political tirade will hold

Mechanical Engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mechanical Engineering - Research Paper Example Bureau of Labor Statistics 1; America Society of Mechanical Engineers 1). He is also required to understand things such as the ability of the product to persevere the thermal environment and the forces they will be subjected to. Mechanical engineering plays a critical role in industries such as automotive (car chassis, transmission, sensors and engines), aerospace (control systems for spacecraft and airplanes, aircraft engines, and airplanes), biotechnology, (prosthetic devices, and implants), and other industries such as computers and electronics (semiconductor tools, cooling systems, disk drives and printers). In other words, mechanical engineering takes care of everything that moves (Columbia University 1). Mechanical engineering is a field that includes a broad collection of research areas. Mechanical engineering entails the design, analysis, control, and manufacture of fluid, thermal, and solid mechanical systems. It also involves system integration, innovation use of technology, and creation and development of new markets and products, and it offers the solution to problems facing products (National Research Council 2). This entails optoelectrical-mechanical materials, machines, structures, and Nano- and micro scale devices. The most important aspects of the field include combustion, heat transfer (and other processes of energy conversion), fluid mechanics, tribology, biomechanics, solid mechanics (fracture mechanics also included), and education and management linked with the above areas (National Research Council 3). Mechanical engineering is central to the success of medicine. It plays an important role in medical instrumentation, medical devices, prostheses, and tissue engineering. It also plays a critical role in accomplishing energy independence. The national response to alternative energy sources involves the science of mechanical engineering, and

Dada Arts influence on later 20th Century Art Research Paper

Dada Arts influence on later 20th Century Art - Research Paper Example The Dada leaders emphasized a total deletion of all prior prescribed rules, dogmas, and formulas. The movers insisted that the current system that controls societal ethics, moralities, and cultures must be replaced by freedom. Freedom includes the freedom do whatever one feels is art. The Dada art movers insisted that there will be no more rules, especially art rules. Thus, anyone can draw, paint, or take a picture of mundane objects and classify such ordinary objects as art (Brill 72). Further, Verkauf criticized the members of the Dada movements as individuals who prioritizing shocking society with their unorthodox art masterpieces. Verkauf reiterated that the art pieces of the Dada artists are both shocking and without any sense of reality, including artistic art sense. Some terms were recognized ad Dada art inspired. Picadia reiterated that the Dada Art movement did not expecting anything. They wanted nothing, nothing, and nothing. The Dada artists want the viewers of their art masterpieces and understand nothing, nothing, and nothing. The Dada artists clearly want freedom the established societal art norms (Brill 72). In addition, one of the founders of the Dadaism art movement is Marcel Duchamp. Duchamp and other Dadaism did not accept the popularity of the conventional art genres. Instead, Duchamp focused on the subject of the found art style. The style is characterized by the depicting an object or situation that one interestingly find.

Understanding The Media And Celebrity Cultures

Understanding The Media And Celebrity Cultures Celebrity can be regarded as the subsequence of the cultural penetration of capitalist commercialism, as well as is the residual products resulted from the rising of popular cultural industry in the 20th century. The emergence and development of modern consumer society have carried on the flourish of celebrity culture. Popular culture is full of the celebrities radiance. The advantage of technology has changed peoples everyday life. The growth of income and leisure time has turned peoples attention on the issue of consumption. In order to satisfy consumers increasing desire of material and cultural consumption, celebrity and its relative industry have emerged and taken root in the ground of poplar culture. Simultaneously, the growth of social democracy, decline of religion power, and commodification of everyday life has contributed to current position of celebrities, they become the idols to the mass population in diverse aspects. In majority conditions, celebrities has become the es sential carriers of mass media, and also been fanatically imitated. Sports stars, movie actors and other kinds of public media images almost become icon and deity in many peoples mind. Celebrity culture has provided the role mode of fashion, external appearance, and personality for audience. In the world of mass media, celebrities has crosses from the range of entertainment, sports, politic, and business, to each territory of social life. From nobody to a popular superstar, the process needs an complete productive system, and undoubtedly, mass media is the best choice. Majority movements undertook by media are mainly surrounding the celebrities: the scriptwriter maybe make an executive screenplay for the celebrities; the movie director has possibility that shape a films star by classified image; the photography, light and costume might all serve the celebrity for his or her celebrification and commercial benefits. Under the impact of these series efforts, the fan group have come out , and then, a new market serving fans has emerged, by which, the deified status of stars have established and consolidated day by day. Celebrities utilize media to complete self-propaganda, media reversely use them to create substantial commercial return. However, in general, partial celebrities distaste the close supervision coming from media, similarly, media dislike celebrities arrogance as well. In this perspective, there is a kind of indivisible and hostile relationship between media and celebrities. In this study, there are two questions going to be answered, first, what kind of changes have happened on the way of getting fame under the context of contemporary consumer society? Secondly, what kind of role has mass media played in the process of celebrity production, or we can say what are the relation between mass media and celebrities? The Concept of Celebrity Culture There are many studies undertook of how the way of people getting fame has changed from ancient to contemporary period. It has primarily concentrated on the differences between hero and celebrity. Fame, as P. David Marshall (2006) stated, is only able to be gain through exemplified greatness in some way or other. In order to become great and known by everyone, a man has to possess the characteristics of making people admire his courage, talent or nobility. Shakespeare had divided great men into three categories: those born great, those who achieved greatness, and those who had greatness thrust upon them (P. David Marshall, 2006. p.72). Thomas Carlyle (1996) explained heros in six categories: divinity, prophet, poet, priest, man of letters, and king, all of who have a common feature that their process of getting fame is slow and by the natural way of becoming well known. Their fame was not made overnight, but was through a mysterious procedure as which God ruled the the generations. H owever, since the Graphic Revolution (Boorstin, 1992. p. 45), the definition of fame to people has changed into an item which can be manufactured through the channel of media. Celebrity culture has emerged, and peoples consciousness of hero have been confused. Actually, as P. David Marshall (2006) reported, the hero was distinguished by his achievement; the celebrity by his image or trademark. The hero created himself; the celebrity is created by the media. The hero was a big man; the celebrity is a big name ( p. 81). Rojek (2001) has similar point with Marshall, he believes that mass- media representation is the key principle in the formation of celebrity culture (p.13). He also induced the emergence of celebrity as a public preoccupation into three major interrelated processes: the democratization of society, the decline in organized religion, and the commodification of everyday life ( p.13). In other words, the democratic revolution challenged peoples idea of belief, they want to find the celebrities from common mankind, who can replace the monarchy as the new symbols of recognition and belonging (p.14). Simultaneously, with the development of commodification, celebrities are regarded as the best tools for mobilizing populaces consumption desire. In the following section, the primary task is to discuss celebrity culture in the context of consumer culture, and its impacts on our consumption habits. To the conception of consumer culture, there are a lot of versionsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Chinese economist Lezhong Wang (2002) has defined consumer culture as the presence of humans creativity in the consumption territory, and the sublimation and crystallization of individually rational practices of mankind. Consumer culture includes natural environment, human environment, material resources made by human beings, spiritual and cultural products, and the consumption behavior which is full of creativity and benefits for human health. In addition, Chinese sociologist-professor Haohui Xiao (cited in the translation of Lezhong Wang, 2002) points that broadly speaking, consumer culture is the combination of consuming material and spiritual culture; in a narrow sense, consumer culture is the reflections of consumption on peoples ideology, which are including the elements of consumer philosophy, consumer value, consumer ethics, consumer behavior, consumer taste, consumer atheists and consumer psychology, which are the ideological totality of reflecting and understanding consumer character during the consumer practice. Synthesizing former statements of the conception of consumer culture, why don not we understand it simply as a material movement in the procedure of consumption, which is accompanied with psychological thinking and value orientation. When consumer culture has become a natural environment, consumerism was going to derive. The so-called consumerism points to a kind of living style: the consumer purpose is not for satisfying realistic requirement, but pursuing the manufactured and motivated desire, constantly. In other words, what people consumed is not the value-in-use of commodity and service, but their symbolic significance (translated from Pingwen Huang, 2003). The expression of consumerism in the territory of cu ltural consumption is cultural consumerism. Respective cultural products and cultural spirits inevitably play the role of symbolic consumer goods. These spiritual products on the form of entertainment is alternative, and capable of very rapid mobility, but the innate ideological values cannot be replaced. Thus in this context of consumer culture, what role of celebrity has played? For understanding the impact of celebrity on contemporary society, Chris Rojek (2001, p. 29) provides three approaches: subjectivism, structuralism and post-structuralism. Subjectivist emphasizes the unique characteristic of celebrity. Generally, this kind of characteristic of celebrity is from innate talent, which is formed naturally, and becoming the primary force that attract audiences attention. Structuralist approaches to celebrity have attempted to provide scientific understanding of celebrity. They attributed the origination of celebrity to the influence of the cultural industry capitalism, and masculinity (Rojek. 2001). Guy Debord (cited in Rojek, 2001. p. 34) has suggested that industrial culture as a culture of signs and the purpose of celebrity culture is to shepherd the populace into imitative consumption. On the aspect of capitalism, celebrities are serving entertainment industry, and the reason why the masses can be attracted by celebrities, as Edgar Morin (1961) claime d that because celebrities could fulfill the regressive needs of the audience, which is on the level of psychology. In this respect, the celebrity can be understood as a carrier of ideology. David Marshall (1997) following this due, suggested that celebrity has a political function. It could be applied to contribute, propagate and extend certain forms of subjective values, such as individualism and heroism. Marshall also claims that mass media is the essential channel to realize this political function of celebrities. In Marshalls statement, celebrities to the audiences has taken effect as symbolic signs, which are embedded with psychological meaning. Another proposal of structuralism is that celebrity is the extension of what might be called fundamental types of character and embodiment in society (Rojek, 2001, p. 40). For this suggestion, Orrin Klapp (1962) thinks that because of the mass communications industry, the fundamental types in contemporary society have been successfully extended by the appearance of celebrities, subsequently which provides the important prototypes for the audience to emulate. The most valuable approach of understanding celebrity culture for this study is the post-structuralism, which is frequently associated with structuralism, but examine the problem of celebrity images as a whole and how those representations of these images are produced and consumed. Rojek (2001, p. 44) defined the notion of the post-structuralist approach as that star image are inflected and modified by the mass media and productive assimilation of the audience. In this respect, the images of celebrities are the common consequence of the work of media agents, press, publicists, producers, fans, and gossip columnists. As a result, the celebrity system could be used to fulfill political, economic, and cultural requirements. Associated with the consumer culture previously mentioned, the following section will concentrate on the celebrification process. Above all, the precondition of celebrity culture the context of capitalist consumer society. The logic of capitalism requires consumers to maintain increasing consumption desire for capitalist accumulation. However, peoples desire are too various to unify. For constantly maximizing the market share, manufacturers need some thing that could tie consumers attraction in a long run. In this sense, manufacturers found that celebrities are the desirable issue because, as what I mentioned, celebrity has the function of filling the psychological lack in humans mind. Rojek (2001, p. 15) claims that celebrities humanize the process of commodity consumption by the way of structuring human sentiments. Then, why celebrity could attract audiences attention on psychological level? Richard Dyer (1998) has regarded stars as a phenomenon of consumption (p.17), which originates from the four categories relationship between stars and audience: emotional affinity, self-identification imitation, and projection. This types of audience and star relation was firstly reported by Andrew Tudor (1974) in his book Image and Influence, with the range of star and individual identification and the order of consequences. Self-identification and projection belong to the high range of identification, in the contrast, emotional affinity and imitation ( of physical and simple behavioral characteristics) are classified to the low category. Dyer (1998) furthermore integrated Tudors discourse, reconstructs the way of how these four categories of star/audience relationship emerged. Emotional affinity as the weakest category, maybe is the most common sense among audiences. Audience finds there are an attachment between he or she with the star on the narrative of individual personality, and then, the sense of involvement has brought up. Self-identification happens when involvement has reached the point at which the audience-member places himself in the same situation and persona of the star (Tudor, p. 81). As for the third category-imitation, which is the primary reason for stimulating consumption as it is the commonest phenomenon among the young people, and establishing a kind of sentiment with audiences beyond the sphere of media texts. People who reaches the category of imitation are willing to consider stars as a role model and emulate their clothing, hair style and expression. For this, purchasing the products which ar e relative to the favored star is a subsequent behavior of audiences on this class. Projection as the last category is like a distillation of imitation, which pursues the deeper similarity with the adoring stars. Dyer (1998) concludes that from this accounts of the star/audience relationship, audiences participate few in the process of shaping the phenomenon, they are generally following the designed routine of celebrity production. Thus to manufacturers, celebrities are commodities in the sense that consumers desire to possess them Rojek (2001, p.15). For the stable economic growth, capitalism requires mobilizing abstract desire in the unconsciousness, and celebrity culture has been recognized as one of the most important mechanisms for mobilizing abstract desire due to it embodies desire in an animate object, which allows for deeper levels of attachment and identification than with inanimate commodities (Rojek, 2001, p.189). After understanding the impact of celebrity culture on consumption society, the next step of the celebrification process is referring to the relationship between mass media and the celebrity, or we can say how media product the celebrity. In the following part, I will integrate detailed examples to elaborate this complex. Media and Celebrification Celebrity culture is a prevalent phenomenon in contemporary society, its main mechanism is on the strength of celebrities to reach certain purposes. However, different from the great man in ancient period, modern celebrities are made through the tautology of media publicity to get audiences attention on the big names. Under the system of media institutions, the appeal of celebrity culture is characterized on three major aspects. Firstly, celebrity culture has promoted in various territories, the so-called celebrities are not merely refined to the range of entertainment, such as film, television, and music, but also involving sports stars and political celebrities. And in the media world, celebrities are active in all the sphere of entertainment, politic, sports, business and social life. For example, Arnold. Schwarzenegger as a successful actor of action movie, got the same achievement on the ground of politic. Secondly, the commercial application of celebrities is increasing, which also can be called as celebrity strategy. In such a circumstance of globalized economy, the combination of celebrity culture and commerce is increasingly close, to some extent, celebrity culture already, become a commercial strategy. Mass media is the key force in the activity of celebrity culture for commercial development. No matter what kind of celebrities, in modern society they have to borrow the powerful strength of mass media, especially the channel of television to increase own fame. Actually, contemporary media culture seems to turn to a kind of celebrity culture. Thirdly, the impact of celebrities is more deep and broad. Celebrities impacts are not just restricted on the film ticket results, or television audience rating, the more effective one is that they are the symbolic of fashion, success. Dyer (1998) thinks the stars, mainly film stars, have become models of consumption for everyone in consumer society (p. 39). As what I mentioned previously, this phenomenon is resulted from a psychological imitation. In this respect, celebrities are beyond the images shaped in media texts, and intervening in audiences everyday life, with providing the models of ideal personality and imaginary style which are matc hing with audiences desire. To mass media celebrities are as well as irreplaceable. In capitalist consumer society, the sustainment of media institutions is largely replying on the immense profits produced by advertising sponsors, who seek to on the strength of media propaganda to prompt commercial interests. In this perspective, media needs to use the activity of celebrities to stimulate and sustain audiences attention and desire, consequently, to maintain the consumption of sponsored products and own economic benefits. As a result, the relationship between celebrity culture and media are interdependent. However, to media, the concrete celebrity member is changeable, to some extent. In following analysis, certain film stars are picked up to elaborate the relation between celebrity and media. In a long time, film as a typical formation of media means is the breeding ground for celebrity culture. As early as the period of silent movie, the Western film industry has created the superstar-Charlie Chaplin. A top hat, sharp toe shoes, black mustache, tunic and loose trousers successfully shaped the classic Chaplin and his Ciarlo image around the world. Resulted from the preoccupation to his image, hundreds of thousand fans went to buy the small statue of the homeless image he played in the film. In 14th December of 2004, the prop-a bamboo cane, which was used by Chaplin in the film Modern Times came under the hammer in London Christies auction house, and finally got deal by 47,800 pounds. (From Internet Source, Dec, 2004). From this, maybe we can see how successful and persistent the image shaped by film is. The development of movie has contributed numerous film stars , and who are also regarded as the essential element of Hollywood films. The big name of star generally is the guarantee of ticket value as audiences are willing to pay money for their favored stars, so producers as well as prefer employing stars to make predictable profit result. With the engagement of superstars and the frenetic hype before the show time, stars and the film could both be famous. An effective instance is the Hollywood film Oceans Twelve, which was showed on 2004, and assembled the top famous stars on that time: George Clooney, Brad Pit, Matt Damon, Andi Garcia, Julie Roberts and Catherine-zeta Jones. The executive official of Exhibitor Relations Paul has said that film fans commonly prefer the films gathering all stars together, watching this kind of film will feel like one time shopping for Hollywood top stars. According to the data of Exhibitor Relations in 12th December of 2004, it showed that last week, Oceans Twelve has got the top position of the North American Box office by $40,900,000 which created the forth highest box office of opening premier in the history, just after The Lord of Ring. Many Hollywood analysts even foresaw that Oceans Twelve will extend the success of the part one Oceans Eleven, and earn much more money. In the com mentary of this film, a large part of audiences said that no matter what the narrative is, they have to watch it just for the stars (From Internet sources, 14th Dec, 2004). By comparison, the commercialization of Chinese film industry and celebrity culture took place lately. In the early film times in China, a series film stars like Linyu Ruan and Xuan Zhou had few commercial feature, they just treated acting as a professional job. Besides, at that time China was still caught in the situation of foreign invasion and repression, the development of commercial system was not complete, the aim of filming a movie, to large extent, is for diffusing and agitating populaces passion and confidence of fighting, rather than earning box office and profits. This situation has modified since the conduction of the reform and open policy, people have noticed that film industry is good way for making profits. Film producers began to concern market trends, and be aware of the importance of contenting audiences needs, trying to search what kind of film genre and film star will be preferred by Chinese people, and for what reason audiences are able to consume films. As a result, from the gradual growth of Chinese film industry, it is clear that consumption pursuit is the precondition of film production and birth of star. Star Production or Consumption Within the interdependent relationship of celebrities an mass media, a question called the production-consumption dialectic of mass communications has suggested by Edgar Morin (1968), which means stars are a phenomenon of production that arising from what the film makers provide, or of consumption that arising from film audiences demands (Dyer, 1998, p. 9). Firstly, as for the discourse of stars as a phenomenon of production, which is regarding stars as products of mass communication. For example, majority American film stars are the products of Hollywood. Hollywood production has been considered as a capitalist production, and in this sense, the function of film stars is concentrated on the economy of hollywood (Dyer, 1998). Robert A. Brady (1947) suggested that stars are a kind of capital possessed by Hollywood industry, which is characterized as monopoly, which is also the first element in the economics of Hollywood classified by Dyer (1998). The second role of stars is investment . Dyer (1998) analyzed that stars to film makers are a secure guarantee, which could promise their investment on the film has the profit value. Thirdly, stars themselves are a major investment to film makers, the commission for stars appearance takes a large portion of the whole film budget. The last element stars representing is the market. Alexander Walker (1974) reported a similar point that the use of a star to stabilize audience response (p. 15). For film producers, an effective way to organize the market is to attract audiences attention. Secondly, the question is are stars a phenomenon of consumption that arising from film audience demands?. Actually, in Part1, the account of the star/audience relationship has answered this question by the audiences role in shaping the star phenomenon is very limited (Dyer, 1998. p. 18), because stars are made by mass media to satisfy the requirement of commercial interests. However, because the feature of modern celebrity culture is largely dependent on the work of media publicity, audiences have possibility to take a part in the process of star production. To modern people living in the consumer society, being wealthy and famous as a symbol of success, which actually is equivalent with the connotation of modern star. In American culture, the individualism is a primary value, which effects American people in everyday life. It advocates that everyone has the fair right to be successful as if you can grasp a good chance, and pay hard work, regardless of talent and application. In the star system, this value should have reformed, as it requires the ordinary people who want to be star have certain talent and specialness, of course, good luck is also an indispensable element ( Dyer, 1998). In this respect, under the context of modern mechanism of celebrity culture, peoples value towards success has changed. They dream of being famous, no matter by what kind of way. Apparently, being star is a deserving way to get success, because on the strength of media, maybe the dream will be realized overnight. As a result, in contemporary society, people who have a star dream is a normal phenomenon. Like I mentioned, media get used to mobilize audiences desire to maintain consumption. when they found audiences desire of being star, they have began a new round of star production among the ordinary people, as the economic return will be more intensive, in this operation, stars are playing the role of production largely. This principle has also been noticed by Chinese media system. The television program Super girl is an typical instance, which is operated by a local television station of China. The basic program policy is that, it provides a platform for ordinary people to present their talent on singing, any female who are interested in singing all could participate in this contest, the last three winners will get ten years contract with the music corporation, which means the winners of this television singing competition will be shaped as music stars. This contest has three professional music juries, but the final determinative right is in the hands of audiences, who can vote th eir favorite participants through mobile texts. Of course, the text was charged as several times as ordinary fee, thus undoubtedly, the communication corporation is the biggest sponsor. This program almost swept the whole country in that time, the reason why it can be so successful is because, first of all, it provides a chance for ordinary people o show their talent before public, which impossible in normal life. Secondly, it transfers the power of star production to audiences, which to some extent makes audience feel like they are more close to the star system, which in ordinary life is a fantastic stuff. Lastly, through this program, someone who ever is an ordinary citizen has actually become a music star of China, this outcome further promotes audiences attention on the star they selected out, and have a kind of intimacy with the star. From this process, we can find that the biggest winner is media itself. All the program is a public projection of star production, but the producer is audience self. By this way of making audiences engaged in the production could absorb audiences attention and desire in a more broad sphere, after all, television is the most effective communication tool. Associating with this instance, the mechanism of modern media institution is apparent, under the motive of finally commercial return, stars can be manufactured randomly as a kind of production in consumer society. Conclusion The commercial flourish has led to the extension of celebrity culture. Celebrities become the living representation in this modern time. They create dreams for massive ordinary people, who have been made as the accessories of commerce unconsciously. People are relying on celebrities to make the final decision on consumption, and regarding them as the indispensable image model in realistic life, the impact is not only on the external style of outfit, but also on the psychological movement. Idol chasing, worship, and imitation already become a kind of prevailing fashion in 21st century. If say celebrities provide imaginary scene for the masses, then mass media is the producer of this fantastic picture. Relying on mass media and basic communication technology, celebrities get soil to root and grow up. We even can say that celebrities are the result of mass media production. To our audiences, since we have few influence on the process of celebrity production, the only thing we can do is to recognize the innate character of this mechanism clearly. It is not suggesting to criticize the celebrity culture entirely, but proposing to find our respective correct position in this circumstance. Like I mentioned, there are major four categories of stars/audience relationship. In real life, the person who belong to the former two category-emotional affinity and self-identification are both normal, because which just result from a sense of involvement in the films as well as other media texts. However, person who if is caught in the imitation and projection categories, the influence will be active in his/her realistic life, because it is possible of them to lose themselves just for imitating the living style of their favored stars in or beyond screen images. In this study, there are two main limitations should be pointed out. Firstly, as celebrity culture is a fairly complicated topic, this study merely provides brief introduction of the reason of the emergence of celebrity, the way to understand celebrity, and the impact of celebrity on media in consumer society. The analysis of detailed media text is for elaborating the relationship between media and celebrity culture, but the data is limited. Secondly, the impact of celebrities should be on various territories, but in this study, I narrowed the scale of celebrities in the level of film stars, as I think they are more typical and easy to get touch in. In the future, the research of celebrity culture should concentrate on the depth of certain detail, and give consideration with all possibilities in that territory. Besides, the standpoint of audience is also necessary to be involved, as they are the final information receiver, the way how they understand the propaganda, the news of celeb rities is important resources for the study of celebrity culture.